Antenna Part 1. Types of Antennas: Wire, Dipole, Monopole, Log Periodic, Aperture & Horn Antenna.

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Wire Antennas
Wire antennas are among the most commonly used types of antennas. They can be found in vehicles (automobiles), ships, aircraft, buildings, and other structures. Wire antennas come in various shapes and sizes, such as straight wire (dipole), loop, and helix.

Short Dipole Antenna
Perhaps the simplest of all antennas is the short dipole antenna. It is a special case of the dipole antenna. In its simplest form, it is basically an open-circuit wire with the signal being fed at the center. The term « short » in short dipole antenna doesn’t directly refer to its size but rather to the size of the wire relative to the wavelength of the signal.

Dipole Antenna
A Dipole Antenna is made up two conductors in the same axis and is typically half the wavelength (λ/2) of the frequency it is designed for, known as a half-wave dipole.

Loop Antenna
A loop antenna is a type of radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor, usually fed by a balanced source or feeding a balanced load. Loop antennas are used in various applications, ranging from small single-turn loop antennas for portable devices to large multi-turn loops for radio direction finding and communication.

Monopole antenna
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna that consists of a single straight rod or conductor, usually mounted over a ground plane. The monopole antenna is a variant of the dipole antenna, but it uses a single element, with the ground plane acting as a reflective surface, effectively creating a mirror image of the monopole element.

Log periodic antenna
The benefit of this log periodic antenna is its wide bandwidth application. It is formed by different length driven elements. The longest and shortest elements are of half wavelength long at lowest and highest frequency of interest.

Bow Tie Antennas
A bow tie antenna is a type of broadband antenna that gets its name from its shape, which resembles a bow tie. It is a variation of the dipole antenna but features elements that are shaped like triangles or « bow ties » instead of straight wires. This design allows the bow tie antenna to operate over a wider range of frequencies, making it suitable for applications requiring broad bandwidth.

Log-periodic antenna
Log-periodic antenna refers to any antenna designed with a logarithmic periodicity in the spacing and/or lengths of its elements. A log-periodic antenna can have various configurations, including arrays of dipoles, loops, or other radiating elements. It can also have a single or multiple elements along its length.

Log-Periodic Dipole Array
The term « Log-Periodic Dipole Array » specifically refers to a type of log-periodic antenna that consists of an array of dipole elements. LPDAs consist of a series of dipole elements arranged along a supporting boom, with the lengths of the dipoles increasing logarithmically from one end to the other.

Aperture Antennas
An aperture antenna is a type of antenna that radiates or receives electromagnetic waves through an opening or aperture in a conducting surface. The aperture serves as the radiating or receiving element of the antenna. These antennas are commonly used in radar, communication systems, and satellite communication.

Slot Antenna
A slot antenna is a type of antenna that consists of a narrow slot or opening cut into a conductive surface, such as a metal plate or waveguide. The slot acts as the radiating element of the antenna, allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate through it. Slot antennas are commonly used in microwave and radio frequency (RF) applications due to their simple design and versatility.

Horn Antenna
A horn antenna is a type of antenna that consists of a flared metal waveguide structure, typically shaped like a horn, hence the name. It is widely used in microwave and radio frequency (RF) applications due to its ability to efficiently radiate or receive electromagnetic waves over a wide frequency range with high gain and directional characteristics.

Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip antennas, also known as patch antennas, operate on the principle of microstrip transmission lines. They are widely used in various wireless communication systems due to their compact size, low profile, and ease of integration with printed circuit boards (PCBs). Microstrip antennas consist of a metallic patch, or patches printed on one side of a dielectric substrate, with a ground plane on the other side.

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
A rectangular patch antenna with a dimension L approximately equal to half a wavelength must actually be slightly less than half a wavelength due to the fringing effect of radiation from the two opposite patch edges, which are L apart, and the ground plane. As long as the feed is on the centerline, the two other edges do not radiate.

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